Liechtenstein
AI Agent Legal Status: favorable · Autonomy: high
Legal Framework
Liechtenstein's Token and Trustworthy Technology Act (TVTG, also known as the Blockchain Act) enacted in 2020 is one of the most comprehensive and groundbreaking pieces of legislation globally for tokenization and digital assets. The TVTG establishes a legal framework for representing any right as a token on a trustworthy technology system, effectively enabling tokenized representation of physical and digital assets, including potentially AI agent ownership structures. The FMA (Financial Market Authority) regulates token service providers under this framework. As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will adopt the EU AI Act through EEA incorporation.
Key Laws & Regulations
- ◆TVTG (Token and Trustworthy Technology Act)
- ◆EEA-incorporated EU AI Act
- ◆EEA GDPR implementation
- ◆Persons and Companies Act (PGR)
Business Formation
AG and GmbH are available, with Liechtenstein also offering unique entity forms including the Anstalt (establishment) and Stiftung (foundation). The PGR provides flexible corporate structures. The FMA licenses token service providers under the TVTG.
Tax Implications
Corporate tax rate is 12.5%. No withholding tax on dividends or interest. Favorable tax treaty network. Competitive tax environment for technology companies.
Opportunities
TVTG enables cutting-edge tokenized governance structures for AI agent operations. Proximity to and close relationship with Switzerland's Crypto Valley. Low corporate tax rate with no withholding taxes. Progressive regulatory approach to digital assets and trustworthy technologies.
Highlights
The TVTG is a pioneering legal framework that enables tokenization of any right, providing a legal basis for novel AI agent ownership and governance structures. The 12.5% corporate tax rate is competitive. Unique entity forms (Anstalt, Stiftung) offer structural flexibility not available in most jurisdictions. FMA provides clear licensing pathways for token-based operations.
Risks & Challenges
Very small market and limited local talent pool. EEA incorporation of EU AI Act will add compliance requirements. High costs relative to the micro-economy. Limited banking infrastructure compared to Switzerland.