India
AI Agent Legal Status: partial · Autonomy: moderate
Legal Framework
India has no standalone AI law but governs the space through sector-specific regulations and the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act 2023. NITI Aayog's National AI Strategy emphasizes 'AI for All.' The regulatory environment is characterized by a large tech ecosystem alongside significant regulatory uncertainty, particularly around crypto where a 30% flat tax and 1% TDS on transactions were imposed in 2022.
Key Laws & Regulations
- ◆Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP) 2023
- ◆Information Technology Act 2000 (amended)
- ◆NITI Aayog National Strategy for AI
Business Formation
Private Limited Company or LLP are standard entities. Foreign investment regulated by FEMA and FDI policy, with automatic route approval for most tech sectors. Large startup ecosystem supported by Startup India program.
Tax Implications
CIT rates of 25-30% depending on turnover and incorporation date. New manufacturing companies can access 15% rate. Crypto income taxed at flat 30% with no loss offsets. 1% TDS on crypto transactions.
Opportunities
Enormous domestic market of 1.4B+ people with accelerating digital adoption. Deep talent pool at competitive costs. Growing AI startup ecosystem with significant VC funding. Government digital infrastructure (UPI, India Stack) creates unique deployment opportunities.
Highlights
Massive tech talent pool and third-largest startup ecosystem globally. Digital India program drives widespread digital infrastructure including UPI, Aadhaar, and India Stack. NITI Aayog actively studying responsible AI frameworks.
Risks & Challenges
Regulatory uncertainty with potential for sudden policy changes (as seen with crypto taxation). Punitive crypto tax regime discourages token-based business models. Data localization pressures under DPDP Act. Bureaucratic complexity across state and central government levels.